Summarise the Key Aspects of Current Legistative Requirements and Codes of Practice

Getting ready TO TEACH IN THE LIFE LONG LEARNING SECTOR CITY AND GUILDS, LEVEL 4, 7303 Q2; Summarize THE KEY ASPECTS OF CURRENT LEGISTATIVE REQUIREMENTS AND CODES OF PRACTICE RELEVANT TO YOUR SUBJECT AND THE TYPE OF Organization WITHIN WHICH YOU WOULD LIKE TO WORK. I work inside the Private Security Industry for a medium measured organization and am utilized as a Training Manager. The organization for the most part gives Retail Security; this incorporates Uniformed Officers, Store Detectives and giving Loss Prevention Training.As an organization we likewise cook for Commercial and Industrial work. There is as of now a group of three mentors that work all through the UK. We can be approached to prepare in numerous subjects the center of our work is study hall based with the Basic Job Training pertinent to the field the Officer may go into. We additionally give preparing to up-skilling the Officers and for Management and Supervisors in their jobs and obligations. The Security Industry is managed and controlled by The Security Industry Authority (SIA) and the Private security Industry Act 2001 (PSIA).PSIA is the abrogating enactment which expresses that anybody utilized inside the private agreement security field should hold a currant Security permit, Front Line Operational Staff, None Front Line Company executives, Part of the prerequisite set somewhere around this enactment is that for a person to increase a bleeding edge permit they should join in and pass the essential occupation program for the segment they wish to work in. â€Å"It is fundamental that people working in the private security industry experience an organized preparing program that outcomes in a perceived qualification†. SIA site on preparing thirteenth November 2009) This is being reclassified in 2010 and turning into a fundamental program with center modules on segment points of interest. Anyway as an organization we additionally spread pieces of the United Kingdom and as such we need t o consent to the various necessities for instance, PSIA 2001 (Designated Activities) (Scotland) Order 2007. PSIA 2001 (Amendment) (Northern Ireland) Order 2009. Codes of training have been received by the SIA concerning these individual divisions and have been gotten from the pertinent British principles which can be found in supplement 1.When hoping to educate in a security situation it before long turns out to be certain that there are numerous different interesting points other than simply taking a gathering of understudies for an exercise, not least the â€Å"The Health and wellbeing at work act 1974† ensuring others against dangers to wellbeing and wellbeing regarding the exercises occurring. Considering one’s own conduct and duties as an educator, guaranteeing the security of the understudies inside the study hall or work place. See informative supplement 2 The Data Protection Act 1998 likewise affects working life and propensities inside the security sector.In y our job in deep rooted learning you will along these lines need to hold fast to enactment plot above. There are a lot more enactments that I must know about while educating. It is significant that I stay up with the latest with these enactments and some portion of my duty is to ensure that they are been clung to and I comprehend what strategy to follow if this isn't the situation. REFERENCE LIST www. sia. homeoffice. gov. uk/home www. shop. bsigroup. com/Word check excluding question and list of sources 487 Appendix 1BS 7499:2007 Code of Practice for Static Site Guarding, Mobile Patrol Services Recommendations for the administration, staffing and activity of an association giving kept an eye on guarding administrations on a static as well as versatile watch premise. (http://shop. bsigroup. com/en/ProductDetail/? pid=000000000030147282) BS 7984:2008 Code of Practice for Keyholding and Response Services Recommendations for the administration, staffing and activity of an association gi ving keyholding and reaction administrations on a contracted premise.

Character evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Character assessment - Essay Example It is reasoned that Sara as a film character is all around created and not one-dimensional like other film saints and lowlifess are. Â The principle topic of the film, confidence, is typified by the character of Sara Crewe. Developing upâ to a rich family in India, Sara accepts that all young ladies are princesses. As a little youngster, she was urged by her dad to put stock in such things as enchantment. Subsequently, Sara turned out to be more in contact with the dreamland than in the commonplace real factors of life. She appreciates remembering and retelling the narrative of Ramayana, enjoys understanding books and playing with costly dolls, and above all, acknowledges a universe of pretend that is driven by dream. Her being available to expressions of the human experience, feelings, eccentric thoughts, and experience is the thing that carries life to the film. Saras open nature has affected the manner in which she was seen and treated by the schools headmistress, Miss Minchin, the understudies, and the worker young lady, Becky. During her clench hand week at school, Sara turned into a moment most loved among the understudies in light of her capacity to recount to the narrative of Ramayana in such an innovative andâ engaging way. By envisioning that she could converse with her dead mother in paradise, Sara had the option to evacuate the fits of rage of Lottie who additionally lost her mom as a little youngster. In one of the mostâ memorable scenesâ in the film, a bloom seller offers Sara a brilliant yellow blossom and articulates the expression For the princess. Sara got the blossom with a grin and afterward, similar to a princess, soaked up the adulation. A defining moment in the film, this scene built up that all young ladies are, for sure, princesses paying little mind to their social and financial status. Saras being open driven her to recognize and accept what her dad has been disclosing to her from the beginning, and which was re-asserted by the bloom seller. Â Sara likewise acted with a feeling of obligation, self-control, and accomplishment. Since Sara knew the French language by heart, she felt it was her obligation to show different understudies on her spare time.

How to Make a Power Point Presentation

How to Make a Power Point PresentationBefore going on with the tutorial about how to make a Power Point presentation, you must be familiar with the basic features of a Power Point presentation. If you do not know the basics of PowerPoint, it is time for you to brush up on the basics so that you can take advantage of the Power Point presentation that you are going to make. Here are some useful tips that you may find useful while preparing your presentation.o Make an outline. Most beginners start with an outline, so that they can form a plan of the main points that they will be making in their presentation. The outline will serve as a guide so that you know what needs to be presented in the PowerPoint presentation. This is especially true when you are just starting out and you need help creating your own outline. With this, you can easily avoid getting lost in your presentation as well as learn the basic steps of creating an outline.o Add visual aids. Visual aids are also known as aids or graphics. In a Power Point presentation, a lot of emphasis should be given to the use of graphics to help enhance the significance of the presentation. Therefore, if you want to maximize the impact of your presentation, you should make sure that you include graphics in your PowerPoint presentation. This way, your audience will have a better understanding of the content of your presentation.o Organize the presentation. If you want to make an effective Power Point presentation, you should organize the various elements of the presentation so that it flows smoothly and makes logical sense. In other words, you will have a better chance of getting your message across because it flows rather than in a jumbled way. This means that you should make sure that you break up the content of your presentation into different parts so that it can be easier to digest.o Make a diagram. When you are presenting your PowerPoint presentation, you should use adiagram to guide the audience. A diagram can also act as a reminder so that the audience can remember the content of your presentation. A diagram may also act as a diversion so that your audience does not miss out on important information. In this way, you can effectively promote the importance of your content.o Create links from one slide to another. In order to ensure that your audience does not get lost in your presentation, you should make use of various links to keep them on track. This is especially helpful because you do not want to have your audience wondering where you left off.o Organize your notes. You should keep a tab on your notes so that you can get a full understanding of the content of your presentation. A good example is the use of a timeline to understand the different parts of your presentation. In addition, a timeline can also serve as a reminder so that you can keep track of your notes properly.These are just some basic tips that you can use to create an effective Power Point presentation. These are just some easy things that you can do to help you get started. After you get started, you will be surprised at how easy it is to build your own Power Point presentation and make a great impression with your presentation.

Tone in Sylvia Plath Poem - 1058 Words

Tone in â€Å"Mirror† by Sylvia Plath In â€Å"Mirror† by Sylvia Plath, the speaker is represented as a mirror that reflects the life and actions of another human being. The speaker develops a casually detached tone right from the beginning of the poem, but also portrays an accepting mood by the end of the work. These tones and moods are expressed through the use of diction, punctuation, metaphors, and imagery. The tone of this poem fluctuates and makes it difficult for the reader to grasp the emotions of the speaker due to the fact that it is a very short piece. The first stanza of â€Å"Mirror† starts off extremely straightforward and detached from any emotion. The speaker says, †I am silver and exact.†(1) â€Å"I have no preconceptions†(1). These first†¦show more content†¦The women that bends over her comes to her daily, just as most humans use a mirror daily, and â€Å"[searches her] reaches for what she really is†(11). The metaphor of a lake comes in when the speaker begins to describe the women’s actions through imagery. The women tends to cry, â€Å"rewards me with tears†(14) and use hand movement, â€Å"an agitation of hands†(14) most likely in rage or disapproval of herself in front of the mirror. Line 14 uses diction that many would connect with one looking at themselves in a lake/water reflection. The speaker reveals that the women comes back daily and sees in her â€Å"she has drowned a young girl†(17). This description of action resembles the use of mirrors by people to find themselves and see in them what others do not. Many women use the mirror to help cover up flaws or to stand in front of and use as an accepting net while they cry or release emotion. In this piece the speaker is standing as an accepting item for this women and knows just what is behind this women’s life. The speaker states â€Å" each morning it is her face that replaces darkness†(16). This use of imagery helps readers envision a women stepping into a mirror in the morning and facing what life has to offer that day. The speaker metaphorically being a lake and describing events through the poetic device of imagery helps create a tone of acceptance by giving the speaker a sense of attachment to someone and makes the stanzaShow MoreRelatedLady Lazarus by Sylvia Plath - Poetry Analysis1110 Words   |  5 PagesLady Lazarus was written by Sylvia Plath. On a literal level, this poem is about death and attempting suicide. It is most likely that it was written from Plaths personal experience as she was known for her suicidal nature. This poem has 28 tercet stanzas. There is no clear rhyme scheme yet rhyming can be found throughout this poem, for example I have done it again/One year in every ten, so there is an irregular rhyme scheme. Literary devices such as end-stopped lines and enjambment are alsoRead MorePoetry Is Not Turning Loose From Emotion, By Sylvia Plath Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicated as explaining how you feel from the inside out. Sylvia Plath effectively expresses her complicated emotions in a form that is bizarre to some. Leaving the reader in curiosity, she uses the stroke of a pen to capture the people who can not capture themselves. Sylvia Plath effectively captivates her readers appeal through her poetry by using emotional appeal, powerful language, and profound and developing structure. Sylvia Plath had a past that represents the type of hell that is unimaginableRead MoreWuthering Heights by Silvia Plath. Deconstruction of the Poem.1577 Words   |  7 PagesHeights » is a poem written by an American poet Sylvia Plath and is based on a novel of the same name by Emily Bronte. In order to convey her internal feelings of despair and disappointment, Sylvia uses a certain tone, structure, and a number of stylistic devises. Below is a descriptive analysis of how she manages to do so, and an interpretation of a poem’s meaning stanza by stanza. From the beginning of the first line, Sylvia Plath sets a depressive and negative tone to her poem. â€Å"The horizonsRead MoreSylvia Plath ´s Three Stages1081 Words   |  4 Pageshe, the creation of Sylvia Plath. I am the persona and the protagonist of the poem, ‘Insomniac’. This poem was written in May 1961, four months after the miscarriage. During this period, Plath was diagnosed with acute insomnia and was pregnant. The elapsed time of this poem is from darkness to daylight respectively to each stanza. It can be said that this period from darkness to daylight is a representation of a long period of time for Sylvia Plath, stretching months. The poem can be separated intoRead MoreWuthering Heights by Silvia Plath. Deconstruction of the Poem.1561 Words   |  7 PagesHeights » is a poem written by an American poet Sylvia Plath and is based on a novel of the same name by Emily Bronte. In order to convey her internal feelings of despair and disappointment, Sylv ia uses a certain tone, structure, and a number of stylistic devises. Below is a descriptive analysis of how she manages to do so, and an interpretation of a poem’s meaning stanza by stanza. From the beginning of the first line, Sylvia Plath sets a depressive and negative tone to her poem. â€Å"The horizonsRead MoreAnalysis Of Poetry By Sylvia Plath1374 Words   |  6 Pagessame riddle. A writer has the power to convey certain themes and ideas within a poem in a span of one line or a hundred lines. They can create the tone for the poem with the help of a single word, or a comma placed in the correct spot. With the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, a writer can give the reader images and compare different ideas that have similar qualities that help the reader deduce what the poem is about. Poetry has many ways in which a writer can make a series of words andRead MoreSylvia Plath s The Bell Jar, And Her Other Works1413 Words   |  6 Pagesend† (Goodreads). In Sylvia Plath’s final days, the things she desired, did in fact annihilate her. Sylvia Plath desired perfectionism and the need to feel like she acquired a meaning. As interpreted in the n ovel, The Bell Jar, and her other works; Sylvia Plath parallels her own traumatic path throughout her life and her downward spiral during the 1950s, explaining her struggle with her mental suffocation and the inexorable depression that contaminated her mind. Sylvia Plath’s emotional turmoilRead MoreAnalysis Of Daddy By Sylvia Platt901 Words   |  4 Pages In the poem â€Å"Daddy† the main character explains his dislike of her father and how he is happy that he has died. He stated that she would have rather killed him herself. I believe that his father was a Nazi during the Holocaust. Initially when I first read the story I did not understand the meaning of it, but after reading it a second time I understood why the main character felt the way he felt. The main character was afraid to be around his father, He couldn’t even sneeze the wrong way around himRead MoreLady Lazarus , Sylvia Plaths Confessional Poetry1438 Words   |  6 PagesLAZARUS, by Sylvia Plath. Review. 2012. Suicide in every culture is considered to be very taboo, seen as overtly morbid and disturbing. However it has also made many people famous. Sylvia Plath, a twentieth century poet, was one of them. She was a ‘straight A’ student throughout her whole life, writing her first poem at eight years old. Just days after writing this poem, her father died. This event, specialists believe was the catalyst that caused a lot of her anguish and depression. Plath uses theseRead MoreLife, Poetry, And Death1467 Words   |  6 Pagesimpulse in Sylvia Plath’s life, a habit that can be described as part of the unconscious. According to psychological studies, the effects of trauma and experience on an author can manifest itself in their writing (Caruth). For instance, we learned that the suffering of Sylvia Plath her whole life due to depression, the attempted of suicide, and the death of her father. Those traumatic experiences influenced the writing and interpretation of her poems . Many critics of poetry approach the poems by ignoring

The Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment - 1416 Words

John A. Bingham, Republican of Ohio had long been a believer in the idea of equal protection of the laws for all people, and was one of the leaders of the effort to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. While aware of the need to prove the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act with the Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham did not actually believe that the Fourteenth Amendment created any new rights. Rather, he believed that it created a new understanding of rights already in the Constitution. Bingham maintained that, â€Å"The†¦equal protection of each [in] those sacred rights which are as universal and indestructible as the human race†¦are by this Constitution guaranteed†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  The guarantee to which Bingham was referring is contained in the Fifth†¦show more content†¦This statement encapsulates why the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment found it necessary to include that, â€Å"No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equa l protection of the laws.† Bingham’s reading of the Constitution already incorporated this point, but Rogers’ certainly did not, so by placing it in the Fourteenth Amendment, the framers ensured beyond all doubt that the right of all citizens to equal protection of the laws would be part of any subsequent reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment accomplished three important things in terms of providing equal protection of the laws. These three things, which are found in Sections 1 and 5, were providing a definition of citizenship, declaring what protections states were required to give to their citizens, and giving the federal government broad power to take action against states that did not provide the necessary protections to their citizens. While it might at first seem superfluous, one of the most important parts of the Fourteenth Amendment was that it provided a definition of who was a citizen of the United States. However, in the infamous Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Taney had held that, â€Å"A free negro of the African race†¦ is not a ‘citizen’ within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States,† and thus, only whites were entitled to constitutional rights. The

Theological Debate in the Bible - 1656 Words

Few subjects in the Bible have been subjected to as much theological debate as the issue of God’s sovereignty and human responsibility. Theologians on both sides of the issue have attempted to answer the age old question of whether God chooses who will be â€Å"saved† or if the responsibility falls to man to determine the outcome of their eternal soul. As found in the theories of John Calvin and Joseph Arminius, each theologian attempted to prove their viewpoint on predestination, free-will, and exactly who in humanity will go to an eternal paradise. In this paper, the evidence will be presented from both sides of the debate leaving the reader to draw their own conclusions. The foundation of the debate originates from the Biblical passages found in the book of Romans, chapters nine through eleven. However, for the purposes of this paper, the focus will be primarily on Romans chapter nine. In this section of his epistle, the Apostle Paul wrote of his deep concern for Israel, the seven privileges God gave to Israel, the difference between Jews who naturally descended from Abraham and Jews who are his spiritual seed, the fact that God’s mercy is controlled by his sovereign will, that the Old Testament prophets predicted the spiritual blindness of Israel, and God’s mercy being extended to the Gentiles. (King James Version Bible, Romans 9:1-33) Professor Thomas Schreiner stated that, â€Å"Paul’s words about predestination in these chapters have also precipitated a great deal ofShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Biblical Inerrancy1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bible has challenged many people as a piece of literature containing history, poetry, and written letters. Some would argue that the contents of Scripture are inaccurate, however would still agree that it carries significant value as a piece of literature. Conversely, those who ascribe to the teachings of the Bible are dealt with questions about the authority and inerrancy of Scripture. It is becoming increasingly important that Christians understand and embrace the full inerrancy of ScriptureRead MoreAnalysis Of Blomberg s The King Of The Mountain Scholastic Debate 732 Words   |  3 Pagesscholastic debate using the various scholars who have debated the heaviest in favor of the Markan priority, mainly Streeter. Even as passionately as McKnight stands on this on-going biblical debate, Farmer gives just as obsessive a plea for Matthean priority as he discusses the Griesbach or â€Å"two-gospel† hypothesis. However, Farmer puts his discussion into terms less eloquently than McKnight does. Farmer very succinctly plots his discussion into steps as if teaching to a room of theological second-gradersRead MoreReaffirming Jesus : How Convictions Challenged By Conflicting Evidence Yield Stronger Beliefs1585 Words   |  7 PagesEcumenical Council at Constantinople have helped me to address some fundamental issues with my personal understanding of Jesus, as well as force me to evaluate particular aspects of that understanding. This paper will serve to highlight how the theological and christological themes explored by these theologians have strengthened my ideas of Jesus and Western Christian Tradition. Karen Armstrong, decorated and best-selling author of various books and discussions on religious history, makes a fundamentalRead MoreThe Church Of God A Harmony That Offers Possibilities For Evangelical Theology1226 Words   |  5 Pagesother about all these things that had happened over the past few weeks . Just as these men that were walking down the street to the village of Emmaus, and they did not realize whom this Stranger was†¦ until their eyes were opened†¦, so has the many debates of the Church fathers from the birth of the Church and written Word, and continuing even to this day. Some of the questions that would be asked of the Church fathers may have been: Is the Word or Kingdom future or present? Is it mystical, spiritualRead MoreJohann Gensfleisch And The Movable Type Printing Press1130 Words   |  5 Pagesexperimenting with wooden types and metal types to create the movable printing press that prints accurate and sharp letters, unlike a handwritten one tha t has letters that look different to one another as stated in http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/gutenberg.html, in the second paragraph under â€Å"Gutenberg meets Fust†. This contribution was important because it allowed Europe to be able to have printing presses in all the important cities such as Paris and London. And as the printing pressRead MoreThe Bible And The Middle Ground Is Nonexistent904 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Sin is mentioned throughout the Bible in both the Old and New Testaments. In fact, there are six different Greek words within the New Testament alone that talk about sin. (Etzel Gutierrez, 2014). However, although the Bible is clear that mankind is born with a sinful nature, there are different types of sin. Furthermore, the authenticity of the sinner dictates the way in which these sins are not only repented, but whether forgiven. My goal is to not only identify these sins types,Read MoreSanta Bibli The Bible Through Hispanic Eyes, Justo L. Gonzalez1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn Santa Biblia: The Bible Through Hispanic Eyes, Justo L. Gonzà ¡lez invites the reader to read the Bible in fresh ways, and gain insight from the perspective of â€Å"those who claim their Hispanic identity as part of their hermeneutical baggage, and who also read the Scripture within the context of a commitment to the Latino struggle to become all that God wants us and all of the world to be—in othe r words, the struggle for salvation/liberation.† (Gonzà ¡lez 1996, 28-29) Published hot on the heels of theRead MoreThe Church Of The Christian Faith1392 Words   |  6 Pagesillumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. Stephen Gunter writes, Perhaps no theological topic has been the focus of more debate with The United Methodist Church over the past quarter century than the Wesleyan Quadrilateral . It should be noted that John Wesley never used the term Wesleyan Quadrilateral to describe his process of theological affirmation. The Wesleyan Quadrilateral has been misinterpreted to mean four equal sides; however, it was never meantRead MoreThe 17th Century Travelogues of Ahmad Bin Qasim and Ilyas Hanna Al-Mawsuli1595 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica), the spread of Christianity had reached all throughout the world. In 1611, a Spanish Muslim named Ahmad bin Qasim, left for France and Holland as a Moroccan ambassador. He recorded his theolog ical and intellectual discussions with the people he encountered in great detail. With his deep knowledge of the bible he was able to use logic, rather than demonizing his counterpart in these interactions. Ilyas Hanna al-Mawsuli was a Chaldean Christian priest from Baghdad, who was able to gain a charterRead MoreQuestions On The Doctrine Of God1067 Words   |  5 Pages LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Final Exam Essay: Issues Relating to the Doctrine of God Submitted to Dr. Isaiah Nengean, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of the course THEO 626 summer 15 by Harold B. Brewer, Jr. (ID# L24780291) Issues Relating to the Doctrine of God There are many issues facing the church today – some greater than others. However, the three most pressing issues for the Evangelical Christians and academia are a doctrine-less

Auditing Chapter 2 free essay sample

Chapter 2 The CPA Profession 2-1The four major services that CPAs provide are: 1. Audit and assurance services Assurance services are independent professional services that improve the quality of information for decision makers. Assurance services include attestation services, which are any services in which the CPA firm issues a report that expresses a conclusion about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. The four categories of attestation services are audits of historical financial statements, attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of historical financial statements, and other attestation services. 2. Accounting and bookkeeping services Accounting services involve preparing the clients financial statements from the clients records. Bookkeeping services include the preparation of the clients journals and ledgers as well as financial statements. 3. Tax services Tax services include preparation of corporate, individual, and estate returns as well as tax planning assistance. . Management consulting services These services range from suggestions to improve the clients accounting system to computer installations. 2-2The major characteristics of CPA firms that permit them to fulfill their social function competently and independently are: 1. Organizational form A CPA firm exists as a separate entity to avoid an employer-employee relationship with its clients. The CPA firm employs a professional staff of sufficient size to prevent one client from constituting a significant portion of total income and thereby endangering the firms independence. 2. Conduct A CPA firm employs a professional staff of sufficient size to provide a broad range of expertise, continuing education, and promotion of a professional independent attitude and competence. 3. Peer review This practice evaluates the performance of CPA firms in an attempt to keep competence high. 2-3The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board provides oversight for auditors of public companies, including establishing auditing and quality control standards for public company audits, and performing inspections of the quality controls at audit firms performing those audits. -4The purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission is to assist in providing investors with reliable information upon which to make investment decisions. Since most reasonably large CPA firms have clients that must file reports with the SEC each year (all companies filing registration statements under the securities acts of l933 and l934 must file audited financial statements and other reports with the S EC at least once each year), the profession is highly involved with the SEC requirements. The SEC has considerable influence in setting generally accepted accounting principles and disclosure requirements for financial statements because of its authority for specifying reporting requirements considered necessary for fair disclosure to investors. In addition, the SEC has power to establish rules for any CPA associated with audited financial statements submitted to the Commission. 2-5The AICPA is the organization that sets professional requirements for CPAs. The AICPA also conducts research and publishes materials on many different subjects related to accounting, auditing, management advisory services, and taxes. The organization also prepares and grades the CPA examinations, provides continuing education to its members, and develops specialty designations to help market and assure the quality of services in specialized practice areas. 2-6Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements provide a framework for attest engagements, including detailed standards for specific types of attestation engagements. -7The PCAOB has responsibility for establishing auditing standards for public companies, while the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) of the AICPA establishes auditing standards for private companies. The ASB previously had responsibility for establishing auditing standards for both public and private companies. Existing auditing standards were adopted by the PCAOB as interim auditing standards for public company audits. 2-8Generally acce pted auditing standards are ten general guidelines to aid auditors in fulfilling their professional responsibilities. These guidelines include three general standards concerned with competence, independence, and due professional care; three standards of field work including planning and supervision, understanding the entity and its environment, including its internal control, and the gathering of sufficient appropriate evidence; and four standards of reporting, which require a statement as to presentation in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, inconsistency observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period, adequate disclosure, and the expression of an opinion as to the fairness of the presentation of the financial statements. Generally accepted accounting principles are specific rules for accounting for transactions occurring in a business enterprise. Examples may be any of the opinions of the FASB. 2-9Auditors can obtain adequate technical training and proficiency through formal education in auditing and accounting, adequate practical experience, and continuing professional education. Auditors can demonstrate their proficiency by becoming licensed to practice as CPAs, which requires successful completion of the Uniform CPA Examination. The specific requirements for licensure vary from state to state. 2-10For the most part, generally accepted auditing standards are general rather than specific. Many practitioners along with critics of the profession believe the standards should provide more clearly defined guidelines as an aid in determining the extent of evidence to be accumulated. This would eliminate some of the difficult audit decisions and provide a source of defense if the CPA is charged with conducting an inadequate audit. On the other hand, highly specific requirements could turn auditing into mechanical evidence gathering, void of professional judgment. From the point of view of both the profession and the users of auditing services, there is probably a greater harm from defining authoritative guidelines too specifically than too broadly. -11International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). ISAs are designed to improve the uniformity of auditing practices and related services throughout the world by issuing pronouncements on a variety of au dit and attest functions and promoting their acceptance worldwide. A CPA who conducts an audit in accordance with GAAS may not comply with ISAs because there may be additional ISA requirements that extend beyond GAAS requirements. 2-12Quality controls are the procedures used by a CPA firm that help it meet its professional responsibilities to clients. Quality controls are therefore established for the entire CPA firm as opposed to individual engagements. 2-13The element of quality control is personnel management. The purpose of the requirement is to help assure CPA firms that all new personnel are qualified to perform their work competently. A CPA firm must have competent employees conducting the audits if quality audits are to occur. 2-14A peer review is a review, by CPAs, of a CPA firms compliance with its quality control system. A mandatory peer review means that such a review is required periodically. AICPA member firms are required to have a peer review every three years. Registered firms with the PCAOB are subject to quality inspections. These are different than peer reviews because they are performed by independent inspection teams rather than another CPA firm. Peer reviews can be beneficial to the profession and to individual firms. By helping firms meet quality control standards, the profession gains if reviews result in practitioners doing higher quality audits. A firm having a peer review can also gain if it improves the firms practices and thereby enhances its reputation and effectiveness, and reduces the likelihood of lawsuits. Of course peer reviews are costly. There is always a trade-off between cost and benefits. 2-15Firms may belong to Center for Audit Quality and the Private Companies Practice Section (PCPS) Firm Practice Center. The mission of the Center for Audit Quality is to foster confidence in the audit process and to aid investors and the capital markets by advancing constructive suggestions for change rooted in the profession’s core values of integrity, objectivity, honesty and trust. The PCPS Firm Practice Center provides practice management resources for firms of all sizes. In addition to these resource centers, the AICPA also provides the Governmental Audit Quality Center and Employee Benefit Plan Audit Quality Center to provide resources for performing quality audits in these unique and complex audit areas. 2-16a. (1)b. (2)c. (3)d. (3) 2-17a. (2)b. (1)c. (2)d. (3) 2-18a. The comments summarize the beliefs of many practitioners about the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and the PCAOB. The arguments against the Act can be summarized as four arguments: 1. Costs of complying with the Act are excessively high, especially the requirement to report on internal control over financial reporting, and will discourage companies from becoming public companies. 2. Relative cost for local audit firms is excessively high. 3. Additional oversight is not needed because sufficient quality controls have already been implemented by most audit firms. 4. Three other things already provide assurance of adequate quality: a competitive economic environment, legal liability, and auditing standards. To support these comments, it can be argued that the profession has generally functioned well with relatively little controversy and criticism. The arguments against these comments are primarily as follows: 1. Reporting on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting will provide benefits in improved controls, resulting in higher quality financial reporting and reduced losses from fraud. 2. The increased confidence in financial reporting will increase access to capital and lower the cost of capital by reducing information risk. 2-18 (continued) 3. Changes in the scope of CPA practices and other threats to audit quality required government regulation. 4. Regulation of public company audits will not affect most audit firms that do not have public company audit clients. b. There is no correct answer to this question. Different people reach different conclusions, depending on the weights put on the various arguments. Time is needed to effectively assess both the costs and benefits of the Act. 2-19a. Engagement performance . Human resources c. Engagement performance d. Engagement performance e. Relevant ethical requirements f. Monitoring g. Acceptance and continuation of clien ts and engagements h. Human resources i. Human resources j. Leadership responsibilities 2-20a. Rossi and Montgomerys primary ethical consideration is their professional competence to perform all of the audit work for filing with the SEC. In addition, if Rossi and Montgomery have performed bookkeeping services or certain consulting services for Mobile Home, they will not be independent under PCAOB and SEC independence requirements. The firm must also be a registered firm with the PCAOB. b. The filing with the SEC, in addition to normal audited financial statements, will require completion and registration with the SEC of Form S-1 which includes an audited summary of operations for the last five fiscal years as well as many additional schedules and descriptions of the business. Each quarter subsequent to the filing, Form 10-Q must be filed; and within 90 days of the end of each fiscal year Form 10-K must be filed with the SEC. In addition, Form 8-K must be filed whenever significant events have occurred which are of interest to public investors. These forms must be filed in conformity with Regulation S-X, which requires considerable disclosures in addition to those normally required in audited financial statements. 2-21 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |GENERAL STANDARDS | | |The auditor must have adequate technical training and |It was inappropriate for Holmes to hire the two students to conduct | |proficiency to per form the audit. |the audit. The audit must be conducted by persons with proper | | |education and experience in the field of auditing. Although a junior | | |assistant has not completed his formal education, he may help in the | | |conduct of the audit as long as there is proper supervision and | | |review. |The auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude|To satisfy the second general standard, Holmes must be without bias | |in all matters relating to the audit. |with respect to the client under audit. Holmes has an obligation for | | |fairness to the owners, management, and creditors who may rely on the | | |report. Because of the financial interest in whether the bank loan is | | |granted to Ray, Holmes is independent in neither fact nor appearance | | |with respect to the assignment undertaken. |The auditor must exercise due professional care in the |This standard requires Holmes to perform the audit with due care, | |performance of the audit and the preparation of the |which imposes on Holmes and everyone in Holmes organization a | |report. |responsibility to observe the standards of field work and reporting. | | |Exercise of due care requires critical review at every level of | | |supervision of the work done and the judgments exercised by those | | |assisting in the audit. Holmes did not review the work or the | | |judgments of the assistants and clearly failed to adhere to this | | |standard. | 2-21 (continued) |BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |STANDARDS OF FIELD WORK | | |The auditor must adequately plan the work and must |This standard recognizes that early appointment of the auditor has | |properly supervise any assistants. advantages for the auditor and the client. Holmes accepted the | | |engagement without considering the availability of competent staff. In| | |addition, Holmes failed to supervise the assistants. The work | | |performed was not adequately planned. | |The auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the|Holmes did not obtain an understanding of the entity or its internal | |entity and its environment, including its internal |control, nor did the assistants obtain such an understanding. There | |control, to assess the risk of material misstatement of |appears to have been no audit at all. The work performed was more an | |the financial statements whether due to error or fraud, |accounting service than it was an auditing service. | |and to design the nature, timing, and extent of further | | |audit procedures. | | |The auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit |Holmes acquired no evidence that would support the financial | |evidence by performing audit procedures to afford a |statements. Holmes merely checked the mathematical accuracy of the | |reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial |records and summarized the accounts. Standard audit procedures and | |statements under audit. |techniques were not performed. | |STANDARDS OF REPORTING | | |The auditor must state in the auditor’s report whether |Holmes report made no reference to generally accepted accounting | |the financial statements are presented in accordance with|principles. Because Holmes did not conduct a proper audit, the report | |generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). should state that no opinion can be expressed as to the fair | | |presentation of the financial statements in accordance with generally | | |accepted accounting principles. | 2-21 (continued) |BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF GAAS |HOLMES ACTIONS RESULTING IN FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH GAAS | |The auditor must identify in the auditor’s report those |Holmes improper audit would not enable him to determine whether | |circ umstances in which such principles have not been |generally accepted accounting principles were consistently applied. |consistently observed in the current period in relation |Holmes report should make no reference to the consistent application | |to the preceding period. |of accounting principles. | |When the auditor determines that informative disclosures |Management is primarily responsible for adequate disclosures in the | |are not reasonably adequate, the auditor must so state in|financial statements, but when the statements do not contain adequate | |the auditor’s report. |disclosures the auditor should make such disclosures in the auditors | | |report. In this case both the statements and the auditors report lack| | |adequate disclosures. |The auditor must either express an opinion regarding the |Although the Holmes report contains an expression of opinion, such | |financial statements, taken as a whole, or state that an |opinion is not based on the results of a proper audit. Holmes should | |opinion cannot be expressed, in the auditor’s report. |disclaim an opinion because he failed to conduct an audit in | |When the auditor cannot express an overall opinion, the |accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. | |auditor should state the reasons therefor in the | | |auditor’s report. In all cases where an auditors name is| | |associated with financial statements, the auditor should | | |clearly indicate the character of the auditors work, if | | |any, and the degree of responsibility the auditor is | | |taking, in the auditor’s report. | | 2-22a. International auditing standards. b. PCAOB auditing standards. c. PCAOB auditing standards (reporting in the U. K. will be under international auditing standards). d. Generally accepted auditing standards. e. International auditing standards. f. PCAOB auditing standards (due to the publicly-traded debt). 2-1International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB (http://www. ifac. org/IAASB/). Visit the IAASB’s website to answer the following questions: 1. What is the primary objective of the IAASB? Answer: The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high-quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are used by auditors in countries that have adopted ISAs as their auditing standards. 2. What is the IAASB’s due process that it follows when setting standards? Answer: The IAASB follows a due process in setting standards. The standards-setting Public Interest Activity Committees (PIAC) identify new projects based on review of international developments and consultation with the Public Interest Oversight Board. †¢ The project may be assigned to a task force, which considers whether to hold a public forum or roundtable. †¢ Dra ft pronouncements are exposed for a minimum of 90 days. †¢ The task force considers all comments and whether re-exposure is needed. †¢ The PIAC votes on the approval or withdrawal of the pronouncement. Affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members, but not less than 12, is required to approve an exposure draft. Internet Problem 2-1 (continued) 3. The IAASB is committed to transparency. How does the IAASB make public information related to standards setting activities? Answer: The IAASB is committed to transparency. Where practicable, meetings are broadcast over the Internet or recorded. Meeting agendas and minutes are published on the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) website. All exposure drafts are subject to public exposure for a minimum of 90 days. (Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current information on Internet problems is available at www. pearsonhighered. com/arens).